{"id":229,"date":"2015-10-07T17:27:51","date_gmt":"2015-09-15T10:34:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.clc.hcmus.edu.vn\/?page_id=229"},"modified":"2016-06-28T11:48:39","modified_gmt":"2016-06-28T04:48:39","slug":"tu-dien","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.clc.hcmus.edu.vn\/?page_id=229","title":{"rendered":"T\u1eeb \u0110i\u1ec3n"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea tr\u00ean t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t<\/span>\u00a0(*)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y<\/span>, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc (do c\u1ed1 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Ho\u00e0ng Ph\u00ea ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean) [<\/span>1<\/span>] (g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 VDic). Trong ng\u1eef li\u1ec7u VDic, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u, nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ee5c (headword), tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb lo\u1ea1i (POS: Parts-of-speech), \u2026 VDic c\u00f3 34.588 m\u1ee5c t\u1eeb. <\/span><\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u01a1n l\u1eadp, v\u00ec v\u1eady, \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u1eef (v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i) hay ti\u1ebfng\/\u00e2m ti\u1ebft (v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ng\u1eef \u00e2m). V\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kho\u1ea3ng 34.600 m\u1ee5c t\u1eeb (trung b\u00ecnh so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ngo\u1ea1i ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c), nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u1eeb n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c v\u00e0i ch\u1eef\/\u00e2m ti\u1ebft trong s\u1ed1 6.835 ch\u1eef\/\u00e2m ti\u1ebft (thu\u1ea7n Vi\u1ec7t) kh\u00e1c nhau (kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh c\u00e1c \u00e2m ti\u1ebft phi\u00ean \u00e2m c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfng n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, ti\u1ebfng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, nh\u01b0: biu, daklak, \u2026). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Hoa (c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u01a1n l\u1eadp) khi 1 ch\u1eef\/\u00e2m ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng 1 H\u00e1n t\u1ef1 trong ti\u1ebfng Hoa, v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201ch\u1ecdc sinh\u201d l\u00e0 1 t\u1eeb 2 \u00e2m ti\u1ebft th\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi 1 t\u1eeb <\/span>\u5b66\u751f<\/span> \/x<\/span>u\u00e9<\/span> sheng<\/span>\/ <\/span>g\u1ed3m 2 H\u00e1n t\u1ef1.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft trong ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n (h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi l\u1ee5c th\u01b0: <\/span>t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh, ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1, h\u1ed9i \u00fd, h\u00ecnh thanh, chuy\u1ec3n ch\u00fa<\/span> v\u00e0 <\/span>gi\u1ea3 t\u00e1<\/span>), ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef hi\u1ec7n nay c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 ch\u1eef <\/span>ghi \u00e2m<\/span> (<\/span>\u00e2m v\u1ecb<\/span>) b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c <\/span>ch\u1eef c\u00e1i Latin<\/span> k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 <\/span>d\u1ea5u ph\u1ee5<\/span> (diacritics). M\u1ed9t <\/span>\u00e2m v\u1ecb<\/span> trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u <\/span>ch\u1eef c\u00e1i<\/span>. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u00e2m v\u1ecb \/\u019e\/\u00a0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi b\u1eb1ng 3 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i: \u201cngh\u201d (khi \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c <\/span>nguy\u00ean \u00e2m h\u1eb9p<\/span>, <\/span>d\u00f2ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> nh\u01b0: \/i, e, \u00ea\/). C\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t <\/span>ch\u1eef c\u00e1i<\/span>\/<\/span>con ch\u1eef<\/span>, ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o t\u1eebng <\/span>\u00e2m v\u1ecb<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef:<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    M\u1ed9t ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t hay nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1eef c\u00e1i, t\u1ed1i \u0111a l\u00e0 7 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i (ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1eef \u201cnghi\u00eang\u201d). Ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef c\u00f3 3 hay 4 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i. Trung b\u00ecnh (k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng) l\u00e0 3,5 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n
    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    \n

    Ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    T\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 %<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    \n

    C\u00f3 1 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    0,7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    \n

    C\u00f3 2 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    11,6<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    \n

    C\u00f3 3 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    40,8<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    \n

    C\u00f3 4 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    33<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    \n

    C\u00f3 5 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    11,7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    \n

    C\u00f3 6 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    2,2 <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    \n

    C\u00f3 7 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

    B\u1ea3ng <\/span>1<\/span>. Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea ch\u1eef theo chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

    H\u00ecnh 1. Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea ch\u1eef theo chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n
      \n
    1. Thanh \u0111i\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \u00e2m ti\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t:<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      M\u1ed9t \u00e2m ti\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t s\u1ebd mang 1 trong 6 thanh: <\/span>ngang, huy\u1ec1n, h\u1ecfi, ng\u00e3, s\u1eafc, n\u1eb7ng<\/span> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi. Theo \u0111\u00f3, <\/span>\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec7u<\/span> b\u1eb1ng<\/span> (<\/span>ngang, huy\u1ec1n<\/span>) chi\u1ebfm t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 36,8% so v\u1edbi <\/span>\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec7u<\/span> tr\u1eafc<\/span> (<\/span>ng\u00e3, h\u1ecfi, s\u1eafc, n\u1eb7ng<\/span>) chi\u1ebfm 63,2%. C\u00f2n <\/span>\u00e2m v\u1ef1c cao<\/span> (<\/span>ngang, ng\u00e3, s\u1eafc<\/span>) th\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng (chi\u1ebfm 52,9%) v\u1edbi <\/span>\u00e2m v\u1ef1c th\u1ea5p<\/span> (<\/span>huy\u1ec1n, h\u1ecfi, n\u1eb7ng<\/span>: chi\u1ebfm 47,1%).<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

      \n
      \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      \n

      Stt<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

      		\n

      Thanh \u0111i\u1ec7u<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

      		\n

      T\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 %<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

      \n

      1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

      		\n

      Ngang<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

      		\n

      20,8<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

      \n

      2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

      		\n

      Huy\u1ec1n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

      		\n

      16<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

      \n

      3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

      		\n

      Ng\u00e3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

      		\n

      7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

      \n

      4<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

      		\n

      H\u1ecfi<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

      		\n

      11,8<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

      \n

      5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

      		\n

      S\u1eafc<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

      		\n

      25,1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

      \n

      6<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

      		\n

      N\u1eb7ng<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

      		\n

      19,3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

      B\u1ea3ng <\/span>2<\/span>. Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea \u00e2m ti\u1ebft theo thanh \u0111i\u1ec7u.<\/span><\/p>\n

      \"\"<\/p>\n

      H\u00ecnh 2. Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea \u00e2m ti\u1ebft theo thanh \u0111i\u1ec7u.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

      \n
        \n
      1. Lo\u1ea1i \u00e2m ti\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t:<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        T\u00f9y v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n\/v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a <\/span>\u00e2m cu\u1ed1i<\/span>, m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00e2m ti\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t s\u1ebd thu\u1ed9c 1 trong 4 lo\u1ea1i sau: <\/span>\u00e2m ti\u1ebft m\u1edf, kh\u00e9p<\/span>,<\/span> n\u1eeda m\u1edf <\/span>v\u00e0<\/span> n\u1eeda kh\u00e9p<\/span>. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a 4 lo\u1ea1i \u00e2m ti\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 trong t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n VDic. Theo \u0111\u00f3, <\/span>\u00e2m ti\u1ebft n\u1eeda kh\u00e9p<\/span> (nh\u1eefng \u00e2m ti\u1ebft c\u00f3 \u00e2m v\u1ecb cu\u1ed1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng <\/span>ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m m\u0169i<\/span>, nh\u01b0: \/m,n,<\/span> \u019e \/ trong \u201cl\u00e0m tin nhanh\u201d) chi\u1ebfm t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 cao g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u00e2m ti\u1ebft c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i (trung b\u00ecnh m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng 20%).<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

        \n
        \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
        \n

        Stt<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

        		\n

        Lo\u1ea1i \u00e2m ti\u1ebft<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

        		\n

        T\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 %<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

        		\n

        Chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i
        \ntrung b\u00ecnh<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

        \n

        1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

        		\n

        M\u1edf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

        		\n

        20,15<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

        		\n

        2,81<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

        \n

        2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

        		\n

        Kh\u00e9p<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

        		\n

        18,65<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

        		\n

        3,64<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

        \n

        3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

        		\n

        N\u1eeda m\u1edf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

        		\n

        20,98<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

        		\n

        3,27<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

        \n

        4<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

        		\n

        N\u1eeda kh\u00e9p<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

        		\n

        40,22<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

        		\n

        3,95<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

        B\u1ea3ng 3<\/span>. Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u00e2m ti\u1ebft.<\/span><\/p>\n

        Chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a <\/span>\u00e2m ti\u1ebft m\u1edf<\/span> l\u00e0 ng\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t (2,81 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i) v\u00e0 <\/span>\u00e2m ti\u1ebft n\u1eeda kh\u00e9p<\/span> l\u00e0 d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t (3,95 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i).<\/span><\/p>\n

        \"\"<\/p>\n

        H\u00ecnh 3. Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea \u00e2m ti\u1ebft theo lo\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

        \n
          \n
        1. Thanh \u0111i\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i \u00e2m ti\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t:<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          T\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 thanh \u0111i\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i \u00e2m ti\u1ebft c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u1edbi <\/span>\u00e2m ti\u1ebft kh\u00e9p<\/span>, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 2 thanh <\/span>s\u1eafc<\/span> v\u00e0 <\/span>n\u1eb7ng<\/span>, c\u00f2n 3 lo\u1ea1i \u00e2m ti\u1ebft c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 6 thanh, trong \u0111\u00f3 thanh <\/span>ngang<\/span> chi\u1ebfm t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 cao nh\u1ea5t (kho\u1ea3ng 25%), c\u00f2n thanh <\/span>ng\u00e3<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t (kho\u1ea3ng 9%).<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

          \n
          \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
          \n

          Stt<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

          		\n

          \u00c2m ti\u1ebft<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

          		\n

          M\u1edf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

          		\n

          Kh\u00e9p<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

          		\n

          N.M\u1edf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

          		\n

          N.Kh\u00e9p<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

          \n

          1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

          		\n

          Ngang<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

          		\n

          25<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

          		\n

          0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

          		\n

          23<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

          		\n

          26<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

          \n

          2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

          		\n

          Huy\u1ec1n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

          		\n

          18<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

          		\n

          0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

          		\n

          18<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

          		\n

          21<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

          \n

          3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

          		\n

          Ng\u00e3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

          		\n

          10<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

          		\n

          0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

          		\n

          9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

          		\n

          8<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

          \n

          4<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

          		\n

          H\u1ecfi<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

          		\n

          15<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

          		\n

          0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

          		\n

          16<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

          		\n

          13<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

          \n

          5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

          		\n

          S\u1eafc<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

          		\n

          17<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

          		\n

          55<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

          		\n

          21<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

          		\n

          18<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

          \n

          6<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

          		\n

          N\u1eb7ng<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

          		\n

          15<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

          		\n

          45<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

          		\n

          13<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

          		\n

          14<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

          B\u1ea3ng <\/span>4<\/span>. Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 % t\u1eebng thanh \u0111i\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i \u00e2m ti\u1ebft.<\/span><\/p>\n

          \"\"<\/p>\n

          H\u00ecnh 4. Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea thanh \u0111i\u1ec7u <\/span>
          \nc\u1ee7a t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i \u00e2m ti\u1ebft.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

          \n
            \n
          1. Ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 theo ch\u1eef c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef:<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 29 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i trong 6.835 ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c nhau trong t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u0169ng kh\u00e1c nhau: \u0111a s\u1ed1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 con ch\u1eef ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m (chi\u1ebfm 95,8%), trong \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m \u2018T\u2019 v\u00e0 \u2018N\u2019 chi\u1ebfm t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 cao nh\u1ea5t (13,7% v\u00e0 12,2%). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 3 \u00e2m v\u1ecb m\u00e0 con ch\u1eef b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m \u2018t\u2019 (t, tr v\u00e0 th) v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m \u2018n\u2019 (n, ng, ngh, nh).<\/span><\/p>\n

            \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
            \n

            Stt<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            Ch\u1eef c\u00e1i<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            Slg<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            Stt<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            Ch\u1eef c\u00e1i<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            Slg<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            Stt<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            Ch\u1eef c\u00e1i<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            Slg<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            Stt<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            Ch\u1eef c\u00e1i<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            Slg<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

            \n

            1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            A<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            34<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            \u00ca<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            15<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            17<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            O<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            47<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            25<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            U<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            43<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

            \n

            2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            \u0102<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            10<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            10<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            G<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            326<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            18<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            \u00d4<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            24<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            26<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            \u01af<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            23<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

            \n

            3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            \u00c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            20<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            11<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            H<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            367<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            19<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            \u01a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            14<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            27<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            V<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            260<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

            \n

            4<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            B<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            343<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            12<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            I<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            19<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            20<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            P<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            191<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            28<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            X<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            278<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

            \n

            5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            C<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            592<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            13<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            K<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            339<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            21<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            Q<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            131<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            29<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            Y<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            15<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

            \n

            6<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            D<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            294<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            14<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            L<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            454<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            22<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            R<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            284<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

            \n

            7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            \u0110<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            328<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            15<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            M<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            315<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            23<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            S<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            279<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

            \n

            8<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            E<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            21<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            16<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            N<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            832<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            24<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            T<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            937<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

            B\u1ea3ng 5<\/span>. Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea ch\u1eef theo ch\u1eef c\u00e1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/span><\/p>\n

            \"\"<\/p>\n

            H\u00ecnh 5. Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea ch\u1eef theo ch\u1eef c\u00e1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span><\/p>\n

              \n
            1. Ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i <\/span>trong to\u00e0n<\/span> b\u1ed9 ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/span>:<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              N\u1ebfu x\u00e9t trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 6.835 ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c nhau trong t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n (kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb tr\u00ed con ch\u1eef), th\u00ec s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng con ch\u1eef nguy\u00ean \u00e2m (chi\u1ebfm 41,25%) c\u0169ng x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 hai ph\u1ea7n ba s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng con ch\u1eef ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m (chi\u1ebfm 58,75%). Nguy\u00ean \u00e2m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u2018a\u2019 (6,46%), nguy\u00ean \u00e2m xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u2018y\u2019 (chi\u1ebfm 1,62%). Ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u2018n\u2019 (chi\u1ebfm 12,41%) v\u00e0 th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u2018q\u2019 (chi\u1ebfm 0,55%). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00e0 trong m\u1ecdi \u00e2m ti\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u 1 nguy\u00ean \u00e2m (\u00e2m ch\u00ednh). Ngo\u00e0i ra, b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng trong m\u1ed7i \u00e2m ti\u1ebft hay c\u00f3 ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u00e2m cu\u1ed1i, n\u00ean khi\u1ebfn t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m cao h\u01a1n nguy\u00ean \u00e2m. Nguy\u00ean \u00e2m <\/span>a, i, o, u<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u00e2m ch\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c \u00e2m cu\u1ed1i n\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m <\/span>n<\/span> v\u00e0<\/span> h<\/span> c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong nhi\u1ec1u \u00e2m v\u1ecb ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m \u0111\u1ea7u (n-, nh-, ng-, ngh-) v\u00e0 \u00e2m cu\u1ed1i (-n, -ng, -nh) n\u00ean t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n cao. <\/span><\/p>\n

              \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
              \n

              Stt<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              Ch\u1eef c\u00e1i<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              Slg<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              Stt<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              Ch\u1eef c\u00e1i<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              Slg<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              Stt<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              Ch\u1eef c\u00e1i<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              Slg<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              Stt<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              Ch\u1eef c\u00e1i<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              Slg<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              \n

              1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              A<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              1532<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \u00ca<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              728<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              17<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              O<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              1119<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              25<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              U<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              1266<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              \n

              2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \u0102<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              398<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              10<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              G<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              1479<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              18<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \u00d4<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              689<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              26<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \u01af<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              517<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              \n

              3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \u00c2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              573<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              11<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              H<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              2220<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              19<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \u01a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              581<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              27<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              V<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              260<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              \n

              4<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              B<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              343<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              12<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              I<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              1485<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              20<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              P<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              475<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              28<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              X<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              279<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              \n

              5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              C<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              1089<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              13<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              K<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              339<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              21<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              Q<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              131<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              29<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              Y<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              384<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              \n

              6<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              D<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              295<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              14<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              L<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              454<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              22<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              R<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              535<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              \n

              7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \u0110<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              328<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              15<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              M<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              989<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              23<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              S<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              279<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              \n

              8<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              E<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              504<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              16<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              N<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              2942<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              24<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              T<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              1486<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

              		\n

              \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

              B\u1ea3ng 6<\/span>. Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef.<\/span><\/p>\n

              \"\"<\/p>\n

              H\u00ecnh 6. Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef.<\/span><\/p>\n

              So s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi b\u1ea3ng 5<\/span>, ta th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i (in nghi\u00eang, m\u00e0u xanh), \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1eef c\u00e1i ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m <\/span>b, d, \u0111, k, l, q<\/span>, s, v<\/span> v\u00e0 <\/span>x<\/span>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 9 ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ea7u \u00e2m ti\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/span><\/p>\n

                \n
              1. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c ch\u1eef c\u00e1i trong ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef:<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                Trong m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef th\u00ec kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef c\u00e1i k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng kh\u00e1c nhau (kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn thanh \u0111i\u1ec7u). Qua b\u1ea3ng th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea (2.646 ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef kh\u00f4ng d\u1ea5u) b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi, ta th\u1ea5y kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1eb7p ch\u1eef c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 ghi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u00e2m v\u1ecb. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: <\/span>nh, ng, tr, th, ch, kh<\/span>; c\u00e1c c\u1eb7p nguy\u00ean \u00e2m \u0111\u00f4i: <\/span>i\u00ea, \u01b0\u01a1, \u01b0a<\/span>, … C\u1ed9t <\/span>g<\/span> v\u00e0 <\/span>r<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 <\/span>g <\/span>v\u00e0 <\/span>r<\/span> ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9ng sau 1 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i (tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p <\/span>ng<\/span> v\u00e0 <\/span>tr<\/span>). Ch\u1eef c\u00e1i <\/span>i<\/span> v\u00e0 u d\u1ec5 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t (t\u1edbi 20 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng). Ch\u1eef c\u00e1i <\/span>p<\/span> v\u00e0 <\/span>q<\/span> ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi 1 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i ph\u00eda sau (<\/span>ph<\/span> v\u00e0 <\/span>qu<\/span>). D\u00f2ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi ch\u1eef c\u00e1i y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 2 \u00f4 kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 <\/span>a<\/span> (1) v\u00e0 <\/span>\u00ea<\/span> (28). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 sau <\/span>y<\/span> th\u00ec 97% kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0 <\/span>\u00ea<\/span>. Ch\u1eef c\u00e1i <\/span>r<\/span> c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n th\u00f4ng tin (entropy) cao nh\u1ea5t (3,3745 bit). Entropy trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef c\u00e1i l\u00e0 2,6 bit.<\/span><\/p>\n

                \"\"<\/p>\n

                H\u00ecnh 7. Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c ch\u1eef c\u00e1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea theo chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb:<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  C\u00e1c t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ed3m 1 ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u \u00e2m ti\u1ebft:<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

                  \n
                  \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                  \n

                  Stt<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  T\u1eeb<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  T\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 %<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  1 \u00e2m ti\u1ebft<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  5.316<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  15,4<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  2 \u00e2m ti\u1ebft<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  24.156<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  69,8<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  3 \u00e2m ti\u1ebft<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  2.013<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  5,8<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  4<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  4 \u00e2m ti\u1ebft<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  1.849<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  5,3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                  \n

                  5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  Kh\u00e1c<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  1.254<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                  		\n

                  3,6<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

                  B\u1ea3ng 7<\/span>. Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea t\u1eeb theo chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i (s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00e2m ti\u1ebft trong 1 t\u1eeb).<\/span><\/p>\n

                  Trong \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb 2 \u00e2m ti\u1ebft chi\u1ebfm \u0111a s\u1ed1 (g\u1ea7n 70%). Chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i trung b\u00ecnh (k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng) c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0: 2,12 \u00e2m ti\u1ebft.<\/span><\/p>\n

                  \"\"<\/p>\n

                  H\u00ecnh 8. Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea t\u1eeb theo chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

                  \n
                    \n
                  1. Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea theo t\u1eeb lo\u1ea1i:<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                    Trong VDic, g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c t\u1eeb lo\u1ea1i sau:<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

                    \n
                    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                    \n

                    Stt<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    T\u1eeb lo\u1ea1i<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    S\u1ed1<\/span><\/p>\n

                    \u00c2m ti\u1ebft<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    S\u1ed1 m\u1eabu t\u1ef1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    Danh t\u1eeb<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    16.302<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    2,03<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    7,95<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u0110\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    10.851<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    1,83<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    7,10<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    T\u00ednh t\u1eeb<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    7.761<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    1,91<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    7,43<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                    \n

                    4<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    3.<\/span>386<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                    		\n

                    \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

                    B\u1ea3ng 8<\/span>. Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea t\u1eeb theo t\u1eeb lo\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

                    \"\"<\/p>\n

                    H\u00ecnh 9. Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea t\u1eeb theo t\u1eeb lo\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

                    \n

                    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Trong s\u1ed1 kho\u1ea3ng 34.600 m\u1ee5c t\u1eeb trong t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n VDic, c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 3.000 m\u1ee5c t\u1eeb c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n 1 t\u1eeb lo\u1ea1i (t\u00ednh trung b\u00ecnh m\u1ed7i t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 1,1 t\u1eeb lo\u1ea1i) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1eeb \u0111a t\u1eeb lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 1,4 \u00e2m ti\u1ebft. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng danh t\u1eeb v\u1eabn nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u1eadp m\u1edf (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung c\u00e1c t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng). Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecbnh danh \u0111\u00f3, n\u00ean chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i trung b\u00ecnh (t\u00ednh theo s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00e2m ti\u1ebft hay s\u1ed1 m\u1eabu t\u1ef1) c\u1ee7a danh t\u1eeb cao c\u0169ng h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb v\u00e0 t\u00ednh t\u1eeb.<\/span><\/p>\n

                    \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

                    T\u00c0I LI\u1ec6U THAM KH\u1ea2O<\/span><\/p>\n

                    [<\/span>1<\/span>]. Vi\u1ec7n Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc (Ho\u00e0ng Ph\u00ea ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean), \u201c<\/span>T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t<\/span>\u201d, NXB \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb3ng, 1980<\/span><\/p>\n

                    \u00a0\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n

                    (*) N\u1ed9i dung b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch t\u1eeb c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0110inh \u0110i\u1ec1n, \u0110\u1ed7 \u0110\u1ee9c H\u00e0o, \u201cCh\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef hi\u1ec7n nay qua c\u00e1c con s\u1ed1 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea\u201d, h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o\u00a0Ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/i>, 10\/2015, Ph\u00fa Y\u00ean.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                    Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea tr\u00ean t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t\u00a0(*) Trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":21,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.clc.hcmus.edu.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/229"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.clc.hcmus.edu.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.clc.hcmus.edu.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.clc.hcmus.edu.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.clc.hcmus.edu.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=229"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/www.clc.hcmus.edu.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/229\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2022,"href":"https:\/\/www.clc.hcmus.edu.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/229\/revisions\/2022"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.clc.hcmus.edu.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/21"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.clc.hcmus.edu.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=229"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}